Surprise!! Prices Have Been Falling For Years

I wonder how many people in countries like Switzerland, Brazil, Canada, Russia, and China, and the United States would be surprised to learn that prices of products and services in their countries have become much less expensive over the years.
Say what? You must be crazy, you say! Prices are rising way too fast!
Yes, most citizens see their purchases as becoming more expensive when, in actuality, things are becoming less expensive. Of course, the paradox is that although nominal prices (the actual price tag) are, in fact, increasing, nominal income (the average wage or salary) has been growing faster. This is a topic that in economics is called “real income” or a measurement that compares a nation’s income growth relative to the growth in prices that the same income buys.
Let’s take some specific facts for the United States:
In the United States real median household income grew from $41,318 to $50,811 from 1970 through 2006 for a total percentage gain of 23% (source: Pew Research Center). Both of the aforementioned median household incomes are stated in 2008 or current dollars which makes the comparison valid. Median household income is an attempt to quantify the progress that the “middle American” family or typical family has made. So, in short, the median household in America can buy 23% more with their income today than they could in 1970. In other words, relative prices are lower to income.
If we look at the same United States income data over the same period for real average household income, there is real income growth of nearly 60%. The higher growth (60%) in real incomes for the average household versus the median (middle) growth rate (23%) is explained by the fact that much of the growth in United States’ real incomes has accrued disproportionately to the college educated & entrepreneurs driving up real income growth rates much faster for the average than the median or middle household. (Hint: continue your education!)
Now let’s get back to the main premise of the title of this blog and the opening assertion that prices are lower than ever. What we are really saying is that you have to benchmark price increases to income increases to really understand whether things are becoming more expensive. The vast majority of products & services are cheaper today in all nations than they have ever been before, which helps explain, excluding the effects of the current recession, why more citizens than ever before can afford to own their own houses, drive more and better cars, and are likely to have cable, cell phones, and computers. The reason we are led to believe differently is because we are victims of our own human nature, which often causes us to focus on the problem areas (rising prices) and not the benefits (incomes that are rising faster). Most citizens’ focus expands out to the last dollar of their incomes and they quickly notice those select products that are rising faster than others like health care, gasoline prices, and education! Hey, even gasoline prices are not at an all relative price high. If gasoline prices in the United States are restated for inflation, or set to comparable 2009 dollars, they are $2.60 per gallon today vs. $3.17 in 1981 and $3.50 in 1918!
Now, you may say to yourself that statistics can lie or mislead and you are sure in your gut that things are getting more expensive relatively. You can try to validate that incorrect “gut feeling” by examining whether your country’s middle class is enjoying less or more products and services. “Real income” really is just a measurement of the quantity and quality of products and services that you have. For example, the average American household has larger homes, more cars, more air conditioning, more gadgets, and better healthcare & prescription drugs than, say, 20 years ago.
But let’s end this blog with a concern. Although everything noted above is accurate, the pace of real income growth has been relatively slow over the last 10 years, especially for the middle class in the United States. Most of that growth in real income mentioned above has occurred up until this current decade. For the last 10 years, median family income growth in the U.S. has been very small and the average income growth has been higher but below the U.S. historical experience. There are many reasons for this slowdown in real income growth, but three big reasons are that

1. the U.S. has now had two recessions this decade (2001 and 2007-current, versus our historical average of only 1 per decade), and
2. energy and health care prices have risen much faster, and
3. foreign labor competition and technology advancement has kept the uneducated/unskilled U.S. workers real income relatively stagnant. More than ever before, a good education is the ticket to your economic future!

Discussion Questions:

1. Inflation is bad, right? Well, what if average prices rise by 2% a year but average incomes rise by 3%. What happens to real income in this situation? Is the average household better or worse off in such a scenario?
2. How have trade and globalization contributed to rising real wages in America and Swizerland?
3. How have trade and globalization contributed to falling nominal wages in America and Switzerland?
4. How do improvments in technology contribute to rising real wages in both developed and developing economies? What about health and education?
5. What types of policies can government pursue to help raise the real wages of the nation’s workers?

GDP Made Simple

Just a few weeks ago, the U.S. Government’s Commerce Department provided its first estimate of the country’s 3rd quarter (July-September 2009) gross domestic product or GDP, announcing an estimated annualized quarter over quarter growth of 3.5%. GDP reports are of special interest to countries since they provide an important macroeconomic measurement of how much an economy’s goods & services supply and income has grown, or recessed, compared to the last three calendar months.
Let me try and make the concept of GDP easy to understand and why it is considered perhaps the most important, single macroeconomic measurement.
GDP is simply a calculation that measures the market value (final price) of all the final goods and services produced within the borders of our country. Thus, U.S. GDP includes Toyotas produced in Alabama but excludes Cadillac’s made in Canada. GDP includes all U.S. exports but excludes all U.S. imports since imports, by definition, imports are produced in some other country and are a more direct employment benefit of the foreign country’s GDP.
If you think about it, ultimately our country’s economic satisfaction is best measured by the goods and services that are produced and that we have access to, which is why GDP is the measurement that is synonymous with “economic growth” or growth in goods & services for its citizens. In addition, rising GDP (more goods and services) is the ultimate economic goal of any economy which can best be accomplished through the means of the two other key macroeconomic measurements of employment and productivity, which are not the subject of this particular blog.
Let’s describe how the GDP calculation is made. Each quarter, the Government compares the final value of the domestic goods produced and services rendered in the current quarter to the final value of the goods produced and services rendered in the previous quarter. The calculation then takes the percentage gain, current quarter versus previous quarter, and annualizes the percentage. The comparison is always restated for inflation so that the figures are comparable from one period to the next. For purists, we call this “real GDP” which is the only GDP reported by the media, even though the word “real” is almost always dropped to avoid confusion with the average citizen. For example, the third quarter 2009 U.S. GDP report highlighted a 3.5% GDP annualized growth rate. This means that the second quarter final value of goods and services produced was approximately .87% or 3.5%/4.
Now let me get to my favorite point on GDP, which even many economists lose sight of. GDP growth is precisely the same as income growth! For example, in the second quarter of 2009 we can say that incomes for American households and American citizens grew by 3.5% restated for inflation. Said another way, our country’s purchasing power grew by 3.5% which represents the income to produce the increasing supply of goods and services. You probably never thought about it this way but every time you purchase something, every dollar you spend is going to someone as income, whether it is the workers as wages or benefits, the landlords as rent, a bank that has made a loan as interest income, or to the owners of the business as profits. I tell my students that Real GDP = Real Income and the only question is how that real income is dispersed among owners (profits), workers (employee wages and benefits), lenders (interest), and lessors (rent). Many citizens are unaware that the Government calculates GDP both in terms of the final market value of the goods and services PRODUCED (the “expenditure method”, which is the version that the media uses, as well as how that same production value under the “expenditure method” translates to higher incomes in a GDP version called the “income method”.
I find the preceding paragraph, GDP = Income, to be a break through moment for a lot of citizens, or first time economic students, in truly understanding the value of the GDP measurement. It is easier for most to think in terms percentage growth in income in lieu of a fuzzier wording like GDP percentage growth. Most citizens are surprised to find that our national incomes or GDP, restated for inflation, increased by 17.4% from 2000 – 2007, just prior to the onset of this current recession. This 7-year growth rate in GDP or incomes still equates to a below average historical average performance. More specifically, over the last 7 years our average annual GDP or income growth rate was only 2.2% versus our historical average growth rate of 3.2%. However, the final point of caution is that the GDP or income growth rate is a collective average, thus the growth in GDP or incomes does not indicate how those income gains are accruing to the various socioeconomic classes or professions. That is also a topic of a future blog on “income distribution” or equality.
Discussion Questions:

1. Have you ever thought about substituting the word “income” for “GDP” to understand GDP more simply? Why are the concepts of income and GDP inter-changeable?
2. Which four groups earn the income generated by the production of goods and services?
3. Although GDP has still risen this decade, despite the current severe recession, many analyses show that our nation’s middle class has made virtually no real income gains this decade. How could this be so if GDP = Income and our GDP has grown this decade?

Booms and Busts - The Business Cycle

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The business cycle is an economic phenomenon which describes changes in the level of economic output compared to a long run average. A simple set of data illustrating the business cycle is shown below. The level of Real GDP in most countries increased by a positive rate each year from 2000 – 2008, before the Global Financial Crisis caused the most significant recession and then recovery in recent history.

In Macroeconomics we can model changes in the level of economic activity using the Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply model. This theoretical idea is shown on the following diagram, which explains the link between the business cycle and the level of aggregate demand and aggregate supply in the economy.
When the actual GDP line is above the potential GDP line the economy is said to have a positive output gap as at the peak point. Aggregate Demand exceeds the potential capacity thus shortages occur and prices rise (inflation) also called an inflationary gap. Factors of production such as labor, land and capital are fixed in the short run, and wages can not change. Therefore the inflationary gap will remain in the short run.

When the actual GDP line is below the potential GDP line the economy has a negative output gap as in a recession. At this point there is spare capacity, higher then average unemployment leading to less inflationary pressures in the aggregate economy.  Also called a recessionary gap. We can relate this concept back to the Real GDP data, which explains a dramatic fall in the level of economic activity in 2009.
Each of these two simple scenarios is caused by changes in Aggregate Demand. As we studies last week, changes in Aggregate Demand can be caused by a variety of factors which influence each component

Components of Aggregate Demand (AD)
C – Consumer Spending
I – Investment
G – Government Spending
(X-M) – Net Export Receipts

The two following videos highlight changes to the level of Aggregate Demand and the resulting inflationary and recessionary gaps. The first video explains how the Chinese government is boosting aggregate demand by increasing government spending and investment. It is a likely response to boost economic activity, and to reduce unemployment.
The second video is a quick look at the UK government budget. A government budget explains the countries spending and taxation decisions for the coming year. The UK was forced to reduce government spending due to the countries very high levels of public debt. The UK has been forced to borrow money to pay for current spending, which increases the nations debt to the rest of the world.

Discussion Questions and Activities:

1. Explain any changes to Aggregate Demand that would result in an inflationary gap occurring?
2. When a country is experiencing an inflationary gap, what happens to price levels and the level of unemployment?
3. Video 1: What are the impacts on level of economic activity due to the government investment? Evaluate if you think this is an effective form of investment.
4. Video 2: The UK government is planning to increase VAT tax rates and decrease spending on national defence. Explain the likely effect of the level of economic activity (Real GDP), unemployment and the price level using the AD/AS model.
5. In your notes draw an AS/AD model to explain the impacts of the events shown in each video. Be careful to fully label each diagram with any changes.

China Has Gas!! (my friend wrote this one)

China rations diesel as record oil hits supplies | Markets | Reuters
In the fall of 2007 I spent  time in Shanghai, China. At the time, oil prices were hitting record levels world wide, leading to rising petrol prices for drivers in most places.  However, at the time,  I began witnesing an unusual site on my taxi rides into the city of Shanghai: as our taxi passed petrol station after petrol station, I observed dozens of blue trucks (the ubiquitous medium of transporting good from Shanghai’s factories to her ports) spilling out of gas station parking lots into the road, apparently queued, waiting for a spot at the pump. I had never seen such long lines at any of the petrol stations around Shanghai before, and I began to wonder as to the reasons for these crazy long lines!
Well, an article at the time helped solve the riddle of the long lines. As it turns out, there was a simple explanation rooted in the principles of supply and demand that any first semester AP or IB economics student would understand! The Chinese government had been forced to ration petrol (limiting the amount that a driver can buy at one go) due to the shortages resulting from the government’s price controls in the petrol market.

Truck drivers reported long queues at petrol stations along a national highway linking Fujian and Zhejiang provinces, with each truck getting 100 yuan ($13) worth of diesel, or around 20 litres, per visit at a state-run station and 40 litres at a private kiosk…
“What’s wrong with the oil market? Our drivers had to queue the whole night for only a small amount of fill, slowing the traffic by almost one day,” said Gao Meili, who manages a logistics company.

China is a major importer of oil. With an economy growing around 12% in 2007, much of the country’s growth depended on the availability of crude oil at reasonable prices, which China’s oil refining firms turn into diesel and petrol, needed to get Chinese manufactured products from factory to port and from port to overseas consumers.
The problem with the oil market in China, however, was that as “Chinese refiners cannot pass the souring crude costs on to consumers.” Oil is an input needed to make a finished product, diesel. As the price of oil rose in 2007 (it reached a record of $92 per barrel in October of that year), the resource costs to petrol and diesel producers also rose, shifting the supply of petrol and diesel to the left, putting upward pressure on the equilibrium price.   As a first semester AP or IB student knows, resource costs are a determinant of supply, and as oil (the main resource in the production of petrol and diesel) increased in price, the supply of these important commodities invariably decreased.
In a free market, a decrease in supply leads to an increase in price. Herein lies the answer to the riddle of the long lies at petrol stations in Shanghai: the Chinese petrol and diesel market is not a free market. The government plays an active role in controlling prices paid by consumers for the finished product refiners are producing, petrol fuel:

Beijing fears stoking already high inflation and rigidly caps pump fuel rates to shield users from a 50 percent rally in global oil so far this year.

As the costs to petrol and diesel producers rose in 2007, the government in Beijing took the side of consumers and forbade fuel producers from raising the price they charge consumers.  The Chinese government essentially imposed a price ceiling in the market for petrol. A price ceiling is a maximum price set by a government aimed at helping consumers by keeping essential commodities like fuel affordable. As we have learned this week in AP and IB Economics, price controls such as this end up hurting BOTH producers AND consumers, since they only lead to a dis-equilibrium in the market in which the quantity demanded for a product rises while the quantity supplied by firms falls. The shortage of petrol and diesel resulting from the government’s price control are the perfect explanation for the long lines of blue trucks and motor scooters at all the gas stations in Shanghai during October of 2007.
So why, exactly, does the government’s enforcement of a lower than equilibrium price result in such severe shortages that truck drivers are only allowed to pump 20 litres of petrol per visit and made to wait hours each time they need to refill? Below is a supply and demand diagram that illustrates the situation in the Chinese fuel market in 2007:

In the graph above, the supply of petrol has decreased due to the increasing cost of the main resource that goes into petrol, oil. This decrease in supply means petrol has become more scarce, and correspondingly the equilibrium price should rise. However, due to the government’s intervention in the petrol and diesel markets, the price was not allowed to rise and instead remained at the maximum price of Pc.
At the government-mandated maximum price of Pc, the quantity of fuel demanded by drivers far exceeds the quantity supplied by China’s petrol producers. The result is a shortage of petrol equal to Qd-Qs.
The government’s intention for keeping petrol prices low is clear: to make consumers happy and keep the costs of transportation among China’s manufacturers low so as to not risk a slow-down in economic growth in China. However, the net effect of the price controls is a loss of total welfare in the petrol market. Notice the colored areas in the graph above. These represent the effect on welfare (consumer and producer surplus) of the price control.

• The total areas of the green, orange and grey shapes represent the total amount of consumer and producer surplus in the petrol market assuming there were NO price controls. At a price of Pe, the quantity demanded and the quantity supplied are equal (at Qe) and the consumer surplus and producer surplus are maximized. The market is efficient at a price of Pe. Neither shortages nor surpluses of petrol exist.
• However, at a price of Pc (the maximum price set by the government), the amount of petrol actually produced and consumed in the market is only Qs. Clearly, those who are able to buy petrol are better off, because they paid a lower price than they would have to without the price ceiling. But notice that there is a huge shortage of fuel now; many people who are willing and able to buy petrol at Pc simply cannot get the quantity they demand, because firms are simply not producing enough!
• The total consumer surplus changes to the area below the demand curve and above Pc, but only out to Qs. The green area represents the consumer surplus after the price control. It is not at all obvious whether or not consumers are actually better off with the price ceiling.
• The total producer surplus clearly shrinks to the orange triangle below Pc and above the supply curve. Petrol producers are definitely worse off due to the government’s action.
• So how is the market as a whole affected? The black triangle represents the net welfare loss of the government’s price control. Notice that with a price of Pe, the black triangle would be added to consumer and producer surplus, but with a disequilibrium in the market at Pc, the black triangle is welfare lost to society.

Price controls by government’s clearly have an intended purpose of helping either consumers (in the case of a maximum price or price ceiling) or producers (in the case of a minimum price or price floor).  But the effect is always predictable from an economist’s perspective. A price set by a government above or below the equilibrium price will always lead to either a shortage or a surplus of the product in question. In addition, there will always be a loss of total welfare resulting from price controls, meaning that society as a whole is worse off than it would be without government intervention.
Discussion Questions:

1. Why has the supply of petrol decreased?
2. With a fall in supply of a commodity like petrol, does the demand change, or the quantity demanded? What is the difference?
3. Define “consumer surplus” and “producer surplus”. Why does a government’s control of prices reduce the total welfare of consumers and producers in a market like petrol?
4. How would a government subsidy to petrol producers provide a more desirable solution to the high oil prices than the maximum price described in this post? In your notes, sketch a new market diagram for petrol and show the effects on supply, demand, price and quantity of a government subsidy to petrol producers. Does a subsidy create a loss of welfare? Why or why not?

Have Your Pasta and Eat It Too!!

Have a look at this article before reading the blog post below: Pasta prices rise after North Dakota loses million acres of wheat to heavy rain, flooding – Associated Press
Prices are determined by the relative scarcity of a good, service or productive resource. This fundamental lesson is one of the first things we learn in a high school economics class. Why are diamonds, which nobody really needs, so much more expensive than water, which everyone needs? The answer lies not in the relative demands for the two goods (clearly, water is far more demanded than diamonds), but rather the relationship between the relative demand and the supply. Between the two, diamonds are far more limited in supply than water, thus they are scarcer and accordingly more expensive.
This lesson applies not only to water and diamonds, but indeed to any product for which there is a market in which buyers and sellers engage in exchanges with one another. Commodities are goods for which there is a demand,  but for which the supply is standardized across all markets. For instance, bicycles are not a commodity, because there are hundreds of different types of bicycles, meaning it is not a standardized product. But steel, which is used to make bicycles, is a commodity since steel is fairly standard regardless of its ultimate use by manufacturers. Cookies are not a commodity, but wheat is, since wheat is a highly standardized ingredient used in the production of cookies.
Commodity prices, like the prices of anything, are determined in markets. Buyers are usually the manufactures of secondary products for which the commodities are an input. Since commodities are traded all over the world, there tends to be a common market price determined by the national or international supply and demand for the commodity. In recent weeks, one very important commodity has increased in scarcity, leading to an increase in the price for the finished product the commodity is used to produce.

Consumers are paying more for pasta after heavy spring rain and record flooding prevented planting on more than 1 million acres in one of the nation’s best durum wheat-growing areas.
North Dakota typically grows nearly three-fourths the nation’s durum, and its crop is prized for its golden color and high protein. Pasta makers say the semolina flour made from North Dakota durum produces noodles that are among the world’s best.
This year’s crop, however, is expected to be only about 24.6 million bushels, or about two-fifths of last year’s. Total U.S. production is pegged at 59 million bushels, a little more than half of last year’s and the least since 2006, according to the U.S. Department of Agriculture.
The cost of pasta jumped about 20 cents in the past few months to an average of about $1.48 a pound nationwide…
…North Dakota durum fetched about $15 a bushel this spring but has dropped to about $11, due to the lack of buying and selling.
Still, that’s about twice what it sold for at this time last year, she said…
“This is one of the few crops we have that can have such an immediate impact on the consumer,” Goehring said. “This year, they will experience higher pasta prices.”

The story above is one played out in countless markets for commodities (such as wheat) and the goods they are used to produce (pasta, in this case) all the time. Due to poor weather and a particularly wet spring, farmers were unable to plant as many of their fields with wheat as they have in the past. Therefore, the 2011 wheat harvest is less than it usually is, meaning the supply of wheat has decreased. However, since there has been no fundamental change to the demand for wheat (we still eat pasta!) the relative scarcity of wheat is greater than in the past. Demand remained constant, while supply fell, therefore the relative scarcity increased.
The value of anything is based on its relative scarcity. In product markets, like that for wheat, value is conveyed by the commodity’s price. As the article says, the price of wheat is currently selling at “about twice what it sold for at this time last year”. At the current price of $11 per bushel, we can assume that the price last year was $5.50. However, the price reached as high as $15 earlier in the summer, indicating that the reduced supply of 59 milliion bushels, which is “a little more than half of last years” (which we’ll assume was around 100 million bushels), caused the price to peak at $15 this year. All this is a complicated way of saying that as the output of wheat fell, wheat prices rose because demand remained constant.
Additionally, the price of the product for which wheat in an input also rose. Pasta prices have jumped “20 cents in the past few months” to $1.48. Since the price of wheat is a resource cost for pasta producers, higher wheat prices lead to a fall in the supply of pasta, making pasta more scarce and driving the price up for pasta consumers.
All this can be demonstrated graphically using simple supply and demand analysis.

Based on the figures in the graphs above, the responsiveness of wheat consumer (which are mostly pasta producers) to the rising price of wheat can be easily calculated. Price elasticity of demand (PED) is the measure of consumers’ sensitivity to price changes. It is measured by calculating the percentage change in quantity following a price change divided by the percentage change in price. The quantity demanded of wheat fell by 41%, while the price rose by 272%, meaning that the PED for wheat is 41/272, or 0.15. This is considered relatively inelastic since such a large price increase led to a relatively small fall in the quantity of wheat demanded.
It is likely that if wheat prices remain elevated throughout 2011, next spring farmers across the American Midwest will have a strong incentive to plant more acres of wheat than they have in years past. Assuming the weather conditions improve and the fields are dry enough to grow wheat, it would be expected that a year from now wheat prices will be much lower than they are today, as supply returns to or exceeds historical levels next year. High prices for wheat today have harmed pasta consumers, but in the long run everyone, both pasta producers and pasta consumers, will likely enjoy lower prices thanks to the high prices of today.
This is how the market system works. When resources are under-allocated towards a particular good, as they have been towards wheat in 2011, price rises in response to the good’s increased scarcity. But the higher prices incentivize producers to allocate more resources towards those goods’ production, and over time the supply increases once more, reducing its scarcity and bringing the price back down.
Discussion Questions:

1. Why did wheat become more scarce in 2011, even though the demand for wheat did not change?
2. Interpret the claim that “wheat consumers are relatively unresponsive to higher wheat prices”. Can you think of a reason why this is the case? Can you think of an example of a product for which consumers would likely be much more responsive to a change in the price?
3. How does the high price of wheat and pasta in 2011 likely assure that a year from now, prices will be much lower than they are today, assuming there are not further problems with flooding in wheat growing areas?
4. How do prices “allocate resources” in a market economy? What do you think would have happened to the number of acres farmers would plant in wheat next year if instead of the price doubling this summer, it had been half of what it was in previous years?

Welcome all new Econ students! Time to start thinking like economists

One of the questions I like to ask my student during the first week of class every year is “What is Economics?” The answers are always interesting to read, because unlike many other high school classes, Econ is one of those subjects students sometimes have no idea what it’s all about when they sign up for the class. Below are some of the definitions of “Economics” students shared in their first day survey this week:

• “Economics is the study of money flow between either countries or individual companies.”
• “My definition of Economics is the control of money by a person, organization or nation.”
• “Economics is a complex system that determines and justifies global prices, currency values, and ultimately the success of a nation.”
• “I’d say Economics is the study of how humans use resources including income, investments, taxes and the economy.”
• “I think economics is the study of investments and money. Especially income and outcome, and taxes in the government.”
• “The study of the distribution of wealth and how human beings tend to handle wealth.”
• “A bunch of old men moaning about all of the potentially free lunch oppurtunities they had missed in their youth, passed off as the behaviour of markets.”

As you can see, most students do not yet have a clear definition of the subject in their heads when they start the course, which is perfectly understandable! So I thought I’d start the year off by sharing my definition of economics. Please read the following introduction to Economics then answer the discussion question that follows.
So what IS Economics, anyway? Well, look around you. What do you see? From within the Mainland Regional district, I see a massive bridge project in Somers Point. I can count eight yellow cranes swinging their arms hauling construction materials around their respective sites. I see farm markets, flower shops, farms, and gardens. I see a church steeples and businesses all around our school. I can just see the tops of cars racing along the Parkway to and from towns and cities all along south and north Jersey.
Now ask yourself, how did things get to be this way? Why are new bridges going up in the midst of America’s deepest recession in decades? Why are farmers and gardeners able to continue on when condos and single family houses are selling for half a million dollars just beyond their fields? Why are the Pinelands and parks still standing even as development has encroached into most of the region’s  forests and natural ecosystems? How do normal people make enough money to live comfortably in this expensive country? Where do the things we buy come from? Who built this computer I’m typing on and what will I be doing for a living in twenty years?
One of my favorite quotes that to me sums up what economics is all about comes not from an economist, but from the civil rights leader Martin Luther King. In 1967 King wrote:

Did you ever stop to think that you can’t leave for your job in the morning without being dependent on most of the world? You get up in the morning and go to the bathroom and reach over for the sponge, and that’s handed to you by a Pacific islander. You reach for a bar of soap, and that’s given to you at the hands of a Frenchman. And then you go into the kitchen to drink your coffee for the morning, and that’s poured into your cup by a South American. And maybe you want tea: that’s poured into your cup by a Chinese. Or maybe you’re desirous of having cocoa for breakfast, and that’s poured into your cup by a West African. And then you reach over for your toast, and that’s given to you at the hands of an English-speaking farmer, not to mention the baker. And before you finish eating breakfast in the morning, you’ve depended on more than half the world. This is the way our universe is structured, this is its interrelated quality.

Economics is about all the questions I posed above and it’s about all the interactions King describes. Economics is about solving one major problem faced by all human societies going back thousands of years. Economics is about the problem of scarcity. Scarcity is the natural phenomenon arising from the fact that all the world’s resources are physically limited in quantity.
Limited resources alone would not pose a problem if it were not for one characteristics of human beings that makes us truly unique in the animal kingdom. The fact that we have desires and wants beyond our basic physical needs. In the face of humans’ practically unlimited desires and wants, the limited nature of the earth’s limited natural resources gives rise to conflicts regarding the allocation of those resources. Economics is the social science that deals with the allocation of earth’s scarce resources among the competing wants and needs of society. Economists provides society with various tools and techniques for efficiently allocating our scarce resources.
Discussion question:

1. Scarcity of resources has given rise to countless conflicts among and between societies throughout history. Identify one conflict from the past or present that you think the problem of scarcity gave rise to.
2. Some say that many of the environmental problems our world faces to day can be solved by economics. If that’s the case, then they must have to do with scarcity. Identify one environmental problem and explain how it relates to scarcity.
3. Time is one of the scarcest resources. Explain how the decisions you make regarding your limited time in and out of school can be considered economic decisions.

Brief overview of several Middle-Eastern countries---Yes, I am facsinated with population pyramids--they say SO MUCH!

From the NY TIMES.  A brief overview of relevant Middle Eastern countries on the brink.  Of particular interest to me are the population pyramids to the right...The demographics will drive change in that area for several decades. SO YOUNG!!!!